Diseases Affecting Different Parts of the Body

Diseases Affecting Different Parts of the BodyPnuemoniaPneumonia is an inflaming of the one or both lungs in the lower respiratory tract that involves lung parenchyma including alveoli and supportive structure. It is also called pneumonitis.Causes it posterior be caused by a wide variety of etiologic agents including bacteria virus, aspiration, fungi, mycobacterium mode of transmission, clinical manifestation vary depending on the etiologic agents.Pneumonia are classified according to causative organism. They arebacterial pneumonia The most greens cause of pneumonia in adults is a bacterium called Streptococcus pneumonia. This form of pneumonia is some durations called pneumococcal pneumonia. other types of bacteria corporation cause pneumonia, including homophiles grippe, staphylococcal aureus, Mycoplasma pneumonia, Chlamydophila pneumonia.Viral pneumonia Viruses can also cause pneumonia, influenza A most common with the patient of AIDS. Viruses are a common cause of pneumonia in schoolgirlish children.Aspiration pneumonia The object or substance inhaled causes irritation in the lungs or damages them. This is called aspiration pneumonia. Rarely, pneumonia can be caused by public discussion in vomit, a foreign object, such as a peanut, a harmful substance, such as smoke or a chemical.Fungal pneumonia It more often affects citizenry whose immune systems are weakened. Fungal pneumonia includes hi assaylasmosis, coccidioidomycosis and blastomycosis.Sign and symptomsSudden onset of high fever.Shaking chills and sweating.Coughing, sneezing, impecunious congestion.Shortness of breathRapid Shallow breathingHypotensionMuscle impositionConfusionHeadacheWeakness, malaisecyanosisNausea and vomitingDiarrhoeaSharp stabbing chest pains during cough or complex breath.Cough producing unpleasant sputum, which may be green, rusty or blood stained. diagnosisHistory of the patient. somatogenic examination (auscultation)Chest x-raySputum interrogatory for cultureBron choscopeBlood cultureLiver attend to testC T scanhandlingBacterial pneumonia treated by antibiotic (Penicillin, Ampicillin).anti -Inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, aspirin, and paracetamol).Anti-viral drugs, steroids.Chest physiotherapyBed rest until infection shows sign of clearing.Given oxygen to improve ventilation. game level of fluid intake.Deep breathing and coughingPrevention measureAvoiding smoking, inebriant and cold, vaccination (vaccine against influenza), proper hygiene.AsthmaAsthma is a respiratory condition marked by wheezing. Asthma affects the circulateways of the lungs. The airlines become reduce and sometime produce more mucus than usual.http//www.hse.gov.uk/asthma/CausesExact cause is unknownAsthma is caused by inflammation in the airway. The inflammation irritates the muscles around the airways, and causes them to squeeze (constrict). This causes narrowing of the airways. It is then more difficult for air to get in and out of the lungs. This leads to wheezing and breathlessness. The inflammation also causes the lining of the airways to make extra mucus which causes cough and further obstruction to airflow.Sign and symptomsfeeling breathless (you may gasp for breath)a wet chest, like a band tightening arounditwheezing, whichmakesa whistling sound when you breathecoughing particularly at night and early morningattacks triggered by exercise, exposure to allergens and other triggersSweating, restless diagnosisHistory taking, physical examination, sign and symptoms, spirometry test, peak spirometry flow rate test, airway responsiveness tests, test of airway inflammation, test of allergyTreatmentasthma cannot be cure but some treatments are for rapid relief of symptoms. Such as inhaled steroids, inhaler (puffer), Bronchodilator ( salbutamol , nebulizer), give sodium cromoglycate to prevent attacks,PreventionThe common cold- repeal expose to cold environment, the effects of a cold can last for a long time unless you are given increased treat ment. Asthma attacks are often set off by allergies. leafy vegetable things which hoi polloi with asthma are allergic to are grass pollen, house dust and animal fur (including your own pets).Exercise- running, particularly in cold weather, can cause an asthma attack. However, exercise-induced asthma can be controlled. People with asthma should not avoid sport and exercise they contribute to overall good health.Irritants -like baccy smoke, fumes and a dusty atmosphere will often lead to asthma attacks.Emotion anger, solicitude or happiness can bring on an attack of wheezing in some people with asthma. But it is not true that nerves are the beneathlying cause of asthma.Pollution- especially from traffic, is increasingly recognize as making asthma worse.Diseases of the Digestive SystemPeptic ulcerationA peptic ulcer is an area of damage to the lining of either the stomach or the wall of the small bowel. Peptic ulcer named accordingly to their location.eg esophageal ulcer, duo denal ulcer, gastric ulcer. Most common in duodenal ulcer.CausesInfection from helicobacter pylori. determine non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs a long period. E.g. ibuprofen, aspirin.Constant tension and stress is another contributing factor.Excessive discrimination of HCL acid in the stomach can also lead to peptic ulcer. Such as caffeine, smoking, alcohol increase HCL secretion.Sign and symptomsSymptoms may last a few days, weeks, or months.Sometimes symptoms can depart but reappear months, afterwards, often with no identifiable cause.Sometimes, the patient may even be symptom-less. different symptoms include heartburn, a bitter taste in your mouth, feeling sick or vomiting , regurgitating food, gnawing pain in mid epigastrum or back,Weight lost, bleeding, perforationDiagnosisHistory takingPhysical examinationH. pylori testEndoscopymagnetic resonance imaging, CT scan,Urea breath testBarium contrast x- rayBlood testTreatment and preventionSelf-help like, avoid spicy food, al cohol, caffeine, excessive meat, milk and cream consumption. This will reduce pain. Reduce stress, stop smoking, eating regular meals and not missing meals will also neutralize acidity. Avoid steroid drugs and painkiller. care for proton pump inhibitor, such as omeprazol and lansoprazol. H2 blockers, example, ranitidine and cemetidine.Treating H. pylori infection. This is usually a combination of a proton pump inhibitor and twain antibiotics.http//hcd2.bupa.co.uk/fact_sheets/html/peptic_ulcer.htmlGallstoneGallstones usually form in the gall bladder from the solid constituents of bile. They can be made of pigment or cholesterin. They vary greatly in size, shape and composition. Gallstones are uncommon in children, but become increasingly prevalent after 40 years age.CausesSex women are doubly as likely as men capture gallstone due to excess produce estrogen in pregnancy, hormone replacement therapy to increase cholesterol level and reduce gallbladder movementFamily accountingWe ight overweight increased cholesterol reduces gallbladder emptying. Especially in woman.Diet diet in a fat and cholesterol and low fiber increase the encounter of gallstone.Age People sr. than age 60 are more likely to develop gallstones than younger people. As people age, the bole tends to secrete more cholesterol into bile.Diabetes People with diabetes generally have high levels of fatty acids called triglycerides. These fatty acids may increase the risk of gallstones.Cholesterol-lowering drugs Drugs that lower cholesterol levels in the blood actually increase the amount of cholesterol secreted into bile. In turn, the risk of gallstones increases.Sign and symptomssteady pain in the right upper abdomen that increases apace and lasts from 30 minutes to several hourspain in the back between the shoulder bladespain under the right shouldernausea and vomitingfeverAbdominal bloating, intolerance of fatty foods, belching, gas and indigestion.DiagnosisComputerized tomographyCholescint igraphyEndoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)Blood testsUltrasoundTreatmentSurgical Cholicystectomy medical examination lithotripsyPreventionAnyone can have gallstones, but middle aged, overweight women are particularly likely to develop the problem.Diseases of endocrine systemGoiterGoiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland. There are many forms mere(a) goiter is most commonly due to the lack of iodine. The gland is overactive and is enlarged and often visible. thyrotoxicosis is a disease in which the thyroxin level is too high.Hypothyroidism is caused due to the lack of thyroxin in blood.Causesnot getting enough iodine in the diet, over production ,unproduction of hormones , family history, age, sex.Sign and symptomsNeck mass, weakness, breathing difficulties, weight loss, tachycardia, swallowing difficulties, hoarseness, cough, dizziness, palpitation, hyperactivityDiagnosisSign and symptoms, history taking, phys ical examination, ultrasound of thyroid, x- ray, thyroid scan, thyroid stimulating hormone (THS) test, free thyroxin (T4), biopsyTreatment and PreventionSimple goiter can be treated with thyroid hormone in the form of pill, antithyroid drugs (propylthiouracil, methimazole), suppressive therapy (levothyroxine), thyredectomy , getting enough iodine in the diet.Cushings syndromeCushings syndrome is a condition in which the adrenals secrete excess of cortisone. Cushings syndrome is relatively and most commonly affects adult aged 20 to 40. People who are obese, type two diabetes, high blood pressure have an increased risk of developing the disorder.CausesBody is exposed to an excess of glucocorticoid hormones over a long period of time. The most common cause of this excess is the taking of oral steroid treatment for medical conditions such as screaky arthritis and other inflammatory conditions.Sign and symptomsWeight gain around the chest and abdomenRed and travel face (moon face)Look like buffalo humpThin and weak muscles in the leg and munitionFluid retention in the legExcessive facial and body hairEuphoria, infertility higher(prenominal) blood pressurePurple or pink stretch marks appear on the abdomen, thighs, buttocks, armor and breastsSkin becomes fragile and thin, bruises easilyDiagnosisHistory taking, physical examination, Blood test, urine test, x-ray, CT scan, MRITreatmentCortisol -inhibiting drugsSurgeryRadiationChemotherapyReferencesBBC (2009), Pneumonia. useable from http//www.bbc.co.uk/health/physical_health/conditions/pneumonia1.shtml (accessed by 09/11/2010).Endocrine and metabolic Disease Home (2010), Cushings syndrome, National Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Information Service. Available from http//endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/cushings/cushings.htm (Accessed by 11/11/2010).BBC (2008), Cushings syndrome. Available from http//www.bbc.co.uk/health/physical_health/conditions/cushing1.shtmlwhat_are_the_symptoms (accessed by 11/11/2010).Wikipedia (2010), Cushings syndrome. Available from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushings_syndrome (Accessed by 11/11/2010).NHS Choices (2010), Pneumonia. Available from http//www.nhs.uk/conditions/pneumonia/Pages/Introduction.aspx (Accessed by 10/11/2010).Wikipedia (2010), Pneumonia. Available from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia (Accessed by 10/11/2010).BBC (2009), Understanding Asthma. Available from http//www.bbc.co.uk/health/physical_health/conditions/in_depth/asthma/aboutasthma_index.shtmlenvironmental_factors (accessed by 10/11/2010).NHS Choices (2010), Asthma. Available from http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Asthma/Pages/Introduction.aspx ( Accessed by 10/11/2010).http//endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/cushings/cushings.htmhttp//www.bbc.co.uk/health/physical_health/conditions/cushing1.shtmlwhat_are_the_symptomshttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushings_syndrome