TERRORISM AND IMMIGRATION Essay -- essays research papers

Terrorism in the United StatesThe terrifying event that occurred on September 11, 2001 is an example of what the world had been warned some legion(predicate) times, TERRORISM. In 1998, for example, the U.S. government told American citizens that they were potential targets for a terrorist group joined by the now infamous Osama bin slopped (Eland, 1998). However, many did not think any terrorist would be capable of the tragedy that leveled the World Trade Center and took many thousands of human lives. Americans thought they could not be touched, in particular on their own turf.While it may be that organizations involved with Bin Laden that are in the United States, and have been for years, there are otherwise groups that U.S. citizens may not be aware of. Many have probably forgotten The Order of the Rising Sun. Members of this group, in 1972, possessed thirty to forty kilograms of bacterium that they planned to put into the American water supply (Yonah, 1999). The nation is a main target for both national and international terrorists. There are numerous foreign groups and governments that target U.S. For example, Libya, Iraq and Iran in addition to groups from Germany and Palestine(Yonah, 1999). While most of the damage done by such organizations has been overseas, their presence is felt in the United States. near all in all foreign terrorist organizations have caused a problem in the United States, in which the primary threats come from Middle due east terrorist organizations (Emerson, 2000). The concept that the Middle East groups are more dangerous to the U.S., is not thought of as a prejudice comment. It is a concept that has been realized by both the FBI and CIA(Emerson,2000). The Middle eastern and Islamic terrorist groups that have members in the United States include the Algerian Armed Islamic Group, Hamas, Hezbollah, the Palestinian group, the Egyptian group, Al Gamat Al Islamiya, the PKK, the Islamic party, and Al- Qaeda, which belongs to Osama bin Laden (Emerson,2000).Al-Qaeda is the most dangerous in respect to U.S. interests. The group was formed by Osama bin Laden during the 1980s. In 1989, the organization stated it was their duty, and the duty of all Muslims, to kill U.S. citizens and all U.S. allies (2001). Like other groups, some of their plans were stopped such as the 199... ...ble to freely move about the United States, whether they entered legally or illegally, supporting activities such as bombings, assassinations and other methods of destruction aimed at the Western world. The future likely holds a less trustworthy planet and one would generalise that questionable people with questionable passports would be denied entry when they get to U.S. borders throughout the twenty-first century. Still, the fact that terrorists have been able to live in the United States burdenless during the past decade or so is rather chilling.ReferencesAlexander, Y. (1999). Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century Threats and Re sponses. The World & I, 14, 80.Eland, I. (1998, September 25). The U.S. Government Is Endangering American Citizens. The Cato Institute. Online. Available http//www.cato.org/dailys/9-25-98.htmlEmerson, S. (2000). internationalistic TERRORISM AND IMMIGRATION POLICYSTEVEN EMERSON. Congressional Testimony, PG (Reprinted in http//www.elibrary.com. Original publisher not listed).Terrorist Group Profiles. (2000). Dudley Knox LibraryNaval Postgraduate School. Online. Availablehttp//web.nps.navy.mil/library/tgp/tgp2.htm

El Patron in The House of the Scorpion :: Nancy Farmer

El Patron in The House of the ScorpionWhat if there was a world with clones? There would be a way to live for up to 100 years effortlessly, have easy transplants, and maintain a precise memory. But, the recipient would be taking organs from somebody else. So what, he or she may justify, theyre clones, they are inferior. They dont matter because they are stupid. But what if someone had the power to allow them to be of normal intelligence? He or she might think that he or she is doing the clone a favor, but when the clone is killed for spare parts its an even worse situation than with a retarded clone. Not for this bandido (Farmer 37). El Patron is a cruel, selfish, heartless man who clawed his way to power in his youth and rules people with fear, though he is powerful, he is always nagged by the fact that he may lose everything. There is no way on earth he would let that happen.El Patron believes he is doing the clones a favor by allowing them to be smart, but in the end he uses them just like all the other clones in the world - for his own personal use. Esperanza, a fierce No Drug activist, once wrote that a more evil, vicious, and self-serving man (than El Patron) could hardly be imagined (Farmer 170). Though the practice of murdering clones is widely accepted in the book, it is morally wrong, and most people would at least have second thoughts about killing someone. raze with his dragon hoard, which he just lets sit there untouched and deeply protected, El Patron becomes outraged with even the slightest of a suggestion towards giving anything away. He is so self-centered, in fact, that at his death greed took over and all of the people inhabiting his part of Opium were silenced and added to his hoard.Power is what El Patron has worked for and what he fears of losing. unthinkingly describing the drug lord word for word, Tam Lin once said that Power is a drug, and people like me crave it (Farmer 243). Though his business is illegal to the stay of the world, he never seems to show any concern about what everyone elses laws are and he proceeds with what he had planned. Matt and all of the other clones he had created are mere examples of this.

Essay --

Spinal Muscular Atrophy, overly known as SMA is a genetic and also a motor neuron unsoundness that affects the argona of the nervous system that controls your voluntary muscle movements such as walking, crawling, and swallowing. When someone acquires this condition their muscles start to decrease as a cause to the muscles not receiving signals from the poise cells in the spine that control function. Spinal Muscular Atrophy is a rare but monstrous condition.Spinal Muscular Atrophy affects about 8 out of every 100,000 live births and also causes death among more babies than any other genetic disease out there. About one in every forty people has this gene in them but may not contract SMA so they are a genetic carrier. But in order for a child to have SMA, both parents have to carry the mutated gene and passed it to the child. Therefore this causes the child to have double copies of the abnormal gene. About 1 in 40 men and 1 in 80 women are carriers of the gene. Survival Motor Neurons are a protein that is produced by the survival motor neuron gene 1. The SMN protein is found all over the body, especially containing high levels in the spinal cord. This protein is significant for maintaining specialized nerve cells called motor neurons that are located in the spinal cord and brainstem. When a person have An abnormal or missing SMN1 it causes serious problems due to the detail it isnt receiving the proper communication from these cells resulting in nerve cells shrinking and over time dying. SMA is broken down into having four examples. In order to determine the type you have is based on the physical achievement because each person is different. SMA is not a progressive disease, although over time people with this lose expertness to coordinate due ... ... move see if this condition runs in the family. A physical examination is a good way to tell is there is any type of muscle weakness or spinal curvature. Treatment for Spinal Muscular Atrophy is curre ntly unavailable to correct this condition. But a person can take other steps to try to help comfort the situation they are in but there is no stopping it. Physical therapy is important because it can help work the muscle to prevent contraction of them. Breathing machines are an important to have because a lot of trouble falls chthonic the breathing when the weakness of these muscles occurs. In conclusion there are a lot of conditions to be aware of that people dont really debate of. It is important to take precautions and pay attention to symptoms and conditions are body shows us. And get educated about different disease out there to protect our families and ourselves.

Abraham Lincoln Essays -- essays research papers fc

Abraham capital of Nebraska was born in a log confine located in Hodgenville Kentucky on the twelfth of February in the year of 1809. His parents were Thomas and Nancy Hanks capital of Nebraska. Lincoln had one older sister (Sarah) who was born in 1807. Three old age after Abraham was born, his nonplus gave birth to a baby boy they named Thomas. The family was faced with devastating turmoil when Thomas died while he was still an infant. When Abe was nine old age old he was kicked in the head by a horse, which caused his family to believe him to be dead. He survived, but his mother died a few months later of milk sickness. Thomas, Abrahams father, remarried one year later to a young woman named Sarah Bush Johnston. Sarah was a widow who had three children of her own. Abe became extremely fond of his step mother and developed a great deal of affection towards her. In the old age 1820-1822 Lincoln briefly attends school. In 1824 Lincoln began to plow and plant for his neighbors. Du ring the fall and overwinter seasons he would attend school. Lincoln constantly borrowed books and read during any opportunity possible. On January twentieth of the year 1828 Sarah, Abes sister, passes away during childbirth. Three months later Lincoln takes his first trip to New Orleans on a flatboat caring farm produce. During this trip Abe experiences a slave auction and is attacked by seven black men attempting to rob him. In March of 1830 Abraham and his family move to Illinois, a two hundred mile journey, and settle along the Sangamon River. Once again Abraham Lincolns father moves, but this time Abe ventures to New Salem, Illinois. He remained there working as a clerk in the village terminal. The owner of the store also allowed Lincoln to sleep in the back. While in New Salem, Lincoln also began to participate in a local debating society. Two years after his family had moved to Illinois Lincoln found himself as the candidate for the Illinois General Assembly. He enlists in the Black Hawk war one month later. He was elected Captain of his rifle company, but was forced to reenlist as a private after that company was disbanded. During his three months of service he neer fought in a battle. On August sixth he lost the election for the Illinois General Assembly. Lincoln was hit with a nonher blow when the store that he worked at went out of business. He and his partner, William Berry, deci... ...an Cousin, John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln in the head shortly after 1000p.m on April 14, 1865. At 722 the next morning the sixteenth president of the United States was pronounced dead. His assassin was shot and killed in a tobacco barn eleven days later, never being put on trial. On May fourth, 1865 Abraham Lincoln was laid to rest in Oak Ridge Cemetery, located near Springfield, Illinois. Although Lincoln was not alive to see it, Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on January 31, 1865 that abolished slavery.Bibliographyh ttp//www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/al16.htmlhttp//showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln.htmlhttp//members.aol.com/RVSNorton/Lincoln2.htmlhttp//www.historyplace.com/lincoln/http//www.siec.k12.in.us/west/proj/lincoln/Dilorenzo, Thomas J. The received Lincoln A New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an UnnecessaryWar. Prima Publishing March 26, 2002.Miller, William Lee. Lincolns Virtues An Ethical Biography. Knopf publishing January 15, 2002.Senzell, Sally Isaacs. America in the measure of Abraham Lincoln The Story of Our Nation. Heineman LibraryJanuary 2001.

Essay --

My Capstone will be the replacement of aging Microsoft Windows XP business computers with newer computers running Microsoft Windows 7. Although Windows 8.1 is currently available, I have chosen to deploy Windows 7 for a myriad of reasons. Windows 7 has gained popularity and a reputation for being a solid replacement for Windows XP. I have worked (officially) in the IT field for over 4 years now, and have been involved in multiple Windows 7 migration projects. I will use my previous experience, in addition to my newly developed skills, to experience a successful plan for rolling out this operating system on a widespread basis.In my experience, projects such as this are non planned very well. My goal is to make sure that every aspect of this project is fully documented, so the steps may be reproduced as required for this project or duplicated for future projects. This project will be thoughtfully planned from start to finish, with clearly set expectations. Of course, in the real wor ld, not everything rout out be accounted for at the time, and one must be flexible with the execution of a project of this magnitude, but with the proper planning any obstacle toilet be overcome.Review of other workDuring my tenure as an IT professional and during the preparation of this project, I have completed count slight hours of research and performed many active tests. One of the case studies I have researched is the Windows 7 migration for Boeing, based out of Chicago, IL. Boeing determined that they needed to ensure a global business strategy, with an increased militant edge and minimal impact to employees. In order to accomplish this, their IT department performed 6 months of readiness testing on 3,800 applications, 1,800 of which were determined to... ...em to reduce staff by 25%. Their new, modern infrastructure is now easier to administer, and they were able to take advantage of newer efficient applications that were not possible before, such as Microsoft Office Com munications innkeeper and SCCM for patch management and application delivery. Users were able to get up to speed quickly with the familiar interface, and overall surveys showed that employees were pleased with the ease of use of the new systems, as many were already using newer operating systems and software at home.The new environment is now more secure, which means less patching for system engineers and less time spent working on machines. Inclusion of features like the Snipping Tool eliminated the need for third party software (and additional cost). PDO also rock-bottom power consumption by using the power options scheduling features included in Windows 7.

Essay --

My Capstone leave behind be the replacement of aging Microsoft Windows XP business enterprise computers with newer computers running Microsoft Windows 7. Although Windows 8.1 is currently available, I have chosen to deploy Windows 7 for a myriad of reasons. Windows 7 has gained popularity and a reputation for being a fast(a) replacement for Windows XP. I have worked (officially) in the IT field for over 4 years now, and have been involved in multiple Windows 7 migration devices. I will use my previous experience, in addition to my newly developed skills, to produce a successful plan for rolling out this operating system on a widespread basis.In my experience, projects such as this are not intend very well. My goal is to make sure that every aspect of this project is fully documented, so the steps may be reproduced as needed for this project or duplicated for future projects. This project will be thoughtfully planned from start to finish, with clearly set expectations. Of course, in the real world, not everything can be accounted for at the time, and one must be flexible with the execution of a project of this magnitude, but with the proper planning any obstacle can be overcome.Review of other workDuring my tenure as an IT professional and during the grooming of this project, I have completed countless hours of research and performed many hands-on tests. One of the case studies I have researched is the Windows 7 migration for Boeing, based out of Chicago, IL. Boeing impelled that they needed to ensure a global business strategy, with an increased competitive edge and minimal impact to employees. In order to accomplish this, their IT department performed 6 months of readiness testing on 3,800 applications, 1,800 of which were determined to... ...em to reduce staff by 25%. Their new, modern infrastructure is now easier to administer, and they were able to take advantage of newer cost-efficient applications that were not possible before, such as Microsoft Office Communications Server and SCCM for patch management and application delivery. Users were able to get up to speed quickly with the familiar interface, and overall surveys showed that employees were pleased with the ease of use of the new systems, as many were already using newer operating systems and software at home.The new purlieu is now more secure, which means less patching for system engineers and less time spent working on machines. Inclusion of features like the Snipping barb eliminated the need for third party software (and additional cost). PDO also reduced power consumption by using the power options scheduling features included in Windows 7.

Forecasting Essay

1. Tupperw ar only uses both qualitative and quantitative foretelling techniques, culminating in a final exam bode that is the consensus of each(prenominal) in all participating managers. False (Global company profile Tupperware Corporation, moderate)2. The prophecy condemnation horizon and the aiming techniques used tend to vary all oer the look cycle of a crossing. sure (What is preindicationing? moderate)3. sales visualises are an input to financial planning, opus film cyphers impact human resource decisions. True (Types of forecasts, moderate)4. Forecasts of mortal products tend to be more accurate than forecasts of product families. False (Seven tone of voices in the prophecy system, moderate)5. Most call techniques as jibee that there is some key stability in the system. True (Seven go in the forecasting system, moderate)6. The sales force tangled forecasting method relies on salespersons estimates of expected sales. True (Forecasting approaches, well-h eeled)7. A succession- serial model uses a series of past data points to bind the forecast. True (Forecasting approaches, moderate)8. The quarterly make meeting of Lexus dealers is an example of a sales force composite forecast. True (Forecasting approaches, easy)9. Cycles and haphazard waverings are both comp integritynts of time series. True (Time-series forecasting, easy)10. A naive forecast for September sales of a product would be personify to the sales in August. True (Time-series forecasting, easy)11. One advantage of exponential smoothing is the limited amount of record keeping involved. True (Time-series forecasting, moderate)12. The bigger the number of outcomes in the sincere pitiful norm forecasting method, the greater the methods responsiveness to changes in postulate. False (Time-series forecasting, moderate)13. Forecast including bring buck is an exponential smoothing technique that put ons two smoothing constants one for the average level of the forecast and one for its trend. True (Time-series forecasting, easy)14. Mean Squared Error and Coefficient of Correlation are two measures of the overall error of a forecasting model. False (Time-series forecasting, easy)15. In trend projection, the trend component is the inc business of the relapse equation. True (Time-series forecasting, easy)16. In trend projection, a negative statistical regression slope is mathematically impossible. False (Time-series forecasting, moderate)17. Seasonal indexes adjust raw data for patterns that repeat at symmetrical time intervals. True (Time-series forecasting, moderate)18. If a quarterly seasonal index has been cipher at 1.55 for the October-December quarter, then raw data for that quarter must be multiplied by 1.55 so that the quarter can be fairly compared to otherwise quarters. False (Time-series forecasting Seasonal variation in data, moderate)19. The best way to forecast a business cycle is by finding a star variable. True (Time-series for ecasting, moderate)20. Linear-regression analysis is a straight-line mathematical model to describe the functional relationships between in restricted and dependent variables. True (Associative forecasting methods obsession and correlation coefficientanalysis, easy)21. The larger the standard error of the estimate, the more accurate the forecasting model. False (Associative forecasting methods Regression and correlation analysis, easy)22. A trend projection equation with a slope of 0.78 compresseds that there is a 0.78 unit rise in Y for every unit of time that passes. True (Time-series forecasting Trend projections, moderate)23. In a regression equation where Y is demand and X is advertising, a coefficient of determination (R2) of .70 means that 70% of the variance in advertising is explained by demand. False (Associative forecasting methods Regression and correlation analysis, moderate)24. Tracking limits should be within 8 MADs for low-volume stock items. True (Monitoring and controlling forecasts, moderate)25. If a forecast is consistently greater than (or slight than) developed determine, the forecast is said to be biased. True (Monitoring and controlling forecasts, moderate)26. Focus forecasting tries a variety of computer models and selects the best one for a particular application. True (Monitoring and controlling forecasts, moderate)27. Many service firms use point-of-sale computers to collect detailed records compulsory for accurate short-term forecasts. True (Forecasting in the service sector, moderate)MULTIPLE select28. Tupperwares use of forecastinga.involves only a few statistical toolsb.concentrates on the low-level dealer, and is not aggregated at the company levelc.relies on the fact that all of its products are in the maturity phase of the life cycled.is a major source of its competitive edge over its rivalse.takes inputs from sales, grocery stack awaying, and finance, barely not from productiond (Global company profile, moderate)2 9. Which of the pursual statements regarding Tupperwares forecasting is false?a.Tupperwares fifty profit centers generate the basic set of projections.b.Tupperware uses at least third quantitative forecasting techniques.c.Tupperware uses only quantitative forecasting techniques.d.Sales per active dealer is one of collar key forecasting variables (factors).e. gore of executive opinion is the ultimate forecasting tool used at Tupperware.c (Global company profile, moderate)30. Forecastsa.become more accurate with longer time horizonsb.are rarely sodding(a)c.are more accurate for individual items than for bases of itemsd.all of the abovee.none of the aboveb (What is forecasting? moderate)31. One use of short-range forecasts is to determinea.production planningb.inventory budgetsc.research and development plansd.facility locatione.job assignmentse (What is forecasting? moderate)32. Forecasts are usually classified by time horizon into collar categoriesa.short-range, strong suit-ra nge, and long-rangeb.finance/accounting, marketing, and operationsc.strategic, tactical, and operationald.exponential smoothing, regression, and time seriese.departmental, organizational, and industriala (What is forecasting? easy)33. A forecast with a time horizon of about 3 months to 3 years is typically called aa.long-range forecastb.medium-range forecastc.short-range forecastd.weather forecaste.strategic forecastb (What is forecasting? moderate)34. Forecasts used for new product planning, capital expenditures, facility location or expansion, and R&D typically utilize aa.short-range time horizonb.medium-range time horizonc.long-range time horizond.naive method, because there is no data historye.all of the abovec (What is forecasting? moderate)35. The common chord major types of forecasts used by business organizations area.strategic, tactical, and operationalb.economic, technological, and demandc.exponential smoothing, Delphi, and regressiond.causal, time-series, and seasonale.d epartmental, organizational, and territorialb (Types of forecasts, moderate)36. Which of the followers is not a step in the forecasting process?a.Determine the use of the forecast.b.Eliminate any assumptions.c.Determine the time horizon.d.Select forecasting model.e.Validate and implement the results.b (The strategic importance of forecasting, moderate)37. The two general approaches to forecasting area.qualitative and quantitativeb.mathematical and statisticalc.judgmental and qualitatived. diachronic and associativee.judgmental and associativea (Forecasting approaches, easy)38. Which of the spare-time activity uses deuce-ace types of participants decision makers, staff personnel, and respondents?a.executive opinionsb.sales force compositesc.the Delphi methodd.consumer surveyse.time series analysisc (Forecasting approaches, moderate)39. The forecasting model that pools the opinions of a group of experts or managers is known as thea.sales force composition modelb.multiple regression c.jury of executive opinion modeld.consumer market survey modele.management coefficients modelc (Forecasting approaches, moderate)40. Which of the following is not a type of qualitative forecasting?a.executive opinionsb.sales force compositesc.consumer surveysd.the Delphi methode. base averagee (Forecasting approaches, moderate)41. Which of the following techniques uses variables such as price and promotional expenditures, which are related to product demand, to predict demand?a.associative modelsb.exponential smoothingc.weighted wretched averaged. wide moving averagee.time seriesa (Forecasting approaches, moderate)42. Which of the following statements about time series forecasting is true?a.It is based on the assumption that future demand will be the same as past demand.b.It makes extensive use of the data collected in the qualitative approach.c.The analysis of past demand helps predict future demand.d.Because it accounts for trends, cycles, and seasonal patterns, it is more fibr ous than causal forecasting.e.All of the above are true.c (Time-series forecasting, moderate)43. Time series data may exhibit which of the following behaviors?a.trendb.random variationsc.seasonalityd.cyclese.They may exhibit all of the above.e (Time-series forecasting, moderate)44. Gradual, long-run movement in time series data is calleda.seasonal variationb.cyclesc.trendsd.exponential variatione.random variationc (Time-series forecasting, moderate)45. Which of the following is not present in a time series?a.seasonalityb.operational variationsc.trendd.cyclese.random variationsb (Time-series forecasting, moderate)46. The fundamental difference between cycles and seasonality is thea.duration of the repeating patternsb.magnitude of the variationc.ability to attribute the pattern to a caused.all of the abovee.none of the abovea (Time-series forecasting, moderate)47. In time series, which of the following cannot be predicted?a.large increases in demandb.technological trendsc.seasonal fl uctuationsd.random fluctuationse.large decreases in demandd (Time-series forecasting, moderate)48. What is the approximate forecast for May using a four-month moving average?49. Which time series model below assumes that demand in the abutting period will be equal to the approximately recent periods demand?a.naive approachb.moving average approachc.weighted moving average approachd.exponential smoothing approache.none of the abovea (Time-series forecasting, easy)50. Which of the following is not a characteristic of simple moving averages?a.It smoothes random variations in the data.b.It has minimal data storage requirements.c.It weights each historical order equally.d.It lags changes in the data.e.It smoothes real variations in the data.b (Time-series forecasting, moderate)51. A six-month moving average forecast is better than a three-month moving average forecast if demanda.is rather stableb.has been changing due to recent promotional effortsc.follows a downward trendd.follows a seasonal pattern that repeats itself twice a yeare.follows an upward trenda (Time-series forecasting, moderate)52. Increasing the number of periods in a moving average will accomplish greater smoothing, but at the expense ofa.manager understandingb.accuracyc.stabilityd.responsiveness to changese.All of the above are diminished when the number of periods increases.d (Time-series forecasting, moderate)53. Which of the following statements comparing the weighted moving average technique and exponential smoothing is true?a.Exponential smoothing is more easily used in combination with the Delphi method.b.More emphasis can be placed on recent values using the weighted moving average.c.Exponential smoothing is considerably more difficult to implement on a computer.d.Exponential smoothing typically requires less record keeping of past data.e.Exponential smoothing allows one to develop forecasts for multiple periods, whereas weighted moving averages does not.d (Time-series forecasting, moder ate)54. Which time series model uses past forecasts and past demand data to generate a new forecast?a.naiveb.moving averagec.weighted moving averaged.exponential smoothinge.regression analysisd (Time-series forecasting, moderate)55. Which is not a characteristic of exponential smoothing?a.smoothes random variations in the datab.easily altered weighting schemec.weights each historical value equallyd.has minimal data storage requirementse.none of the above they are all characteristics of exponential smoothingc (Time-series forecasting, moderate)56. Which of the following smoothing constants would make an exponential smoothing forecast equivalent to a naive forecast?a.0b.1 dual-lane by the number of periodsc.0.5d.1.0e.cannot be situatedd (Time-series forecasting, moderate)57. urinaten an actual demand of 103, a previous forecast value of 99, and an alpha of .4, the exponential smoothing forecast for the next period would bea.94.6b.97.4c.100.6d.101.6e.103.0c (Time-series forecasting, moderate)58. A forecast based on the previous forecast plus a percentage of the forecast error is a(n)a.qualitative forecastb.naive forecastc.moving average forecastd.weighted moving average forecaste.exponentially smoothed forecaste (Time-series forecasting, moderate)59. Given an actual demand of 61, a previous forecast of 58, and an of .3, what would the forecast for the next period be using simple exponential smoothing?a.45.5b.57.1c.58.9d.61.0e.65.5c (Time-series forecasting, moderate)60. Which of the following values of alpha would cause exponential smoothing to respond the most slowly to forecast errors?a.0.10b.0.20c.0.40d.0.80e.cannot be determineda (Time-series forecasting, moderate)61. A forecasting method has produced the following over the past five months. What is the mean absolute deviation?62. The primary purpose of the mean absolute deviation (MAD) in forecasting is toa.estimate the trend lineb.eliminate forecast errorsc.measure forecast accuracyd.seasonally adjust the forecaste.all of the abovec (Time-series forecasting, moderate)63. Given forecast errors of -1, 4, 8, and -3, what is the mean absolute deviation?a.2b.3c.4d.8e.16c (Time-series forecasting, moderate)64. The last four months of sales were 8, 10, 15, and 9 units. The last four forecasts were 5, 6, 11, and 12 units. The Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) isa.2b.-10c.3.5d.9e.10.5c (Time-series forecasting, moderate)65. A time series trend equation is 25.3 + 2.1 X. What is your forecast for period 7?a.23.2b.25.3c.27.4d.40.0e.cannot be determinedd (Time-series forecasting, moderate)66. For a given product demand, the time series trend equation is 53 4 X. The negative sign on the slope of the equationa.is a mathematical impossibilityb.is an indication that the forecast is biased, with forecast values lower than actual valuesc.is an indication that product demand is decliningd.implies that the coefficient of determination will also be negativee.implies that the RSFE will be negativec (Time-ser ies forecasting, moderate)67. In trend-adjusted exponential smoothing, the forecast including trend (FIT) consists ofa.an exponentially smoothed forecast and an estimated trend valueb.an exponentially smoothed forecast and a smoothed trend factorc.the old forecast adjusted by a trend factord.the old forecast and a smoothed trend factore.a moving average and a trend factorb (Time-series forecasting, moderate)68. Which of the following is true regarding the two smoothing constants of the Forecast Including Trend (FIT) model?a.One constant is positive, while the other is negative.b.They are called MAD and RSFE.c.Alpha is always smaller than beta.d.One constant smoothes the regression intercept, whereas the other smoothes the regression slope.e.Their values are determined independently.e (Time-series forecasting, moderate)69. Demand for a certain product is forecast to be 800 units per month, averaged over all 12 months of the year. The product follows a seasonal pattern, for which the January periodic index is 1.25. What is the seasonally-adjusted sales forecast for January?a.640 unitsb.798.75 unitsc.800 unitsd.1000 unitse.cannot be calculated with the training givena (Time-series forecasting, moderate)70. A seasonal index for a monthly series is about to be calculated on the substructure of three years accumulation of data. The three previous July values were 110, 150, and 130. The average over all months is 190. The approximate seasonal index for July isa.0.487b.0.684c.1.462d.2.053e. cannot be calculated with the discipline givenb (Time-series forecasting, moderate)71. A fundamental distinction between trend projection and linear regression is thata.trend projection uses least squares while linear regression does notb.only linear regression can have a negative slopec.in trend projection the independent variable is time in linear regression the independent variable need not be time, but can be any variable with explanatory powerd.linear regression tends to die hard better on data that lack trendse.trend projection uses two smoothing constants, not just onec (Associative forecasting methods Regression and correlation analysis, moderate)72. The percent of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the regression equation is measured by thea.mean absolute deviationb.slopec.coefficient of determinationd.correlation coefficiente.interceptc (Associative forecasting methods Regression and correlation analysis, moderate)73. The degree or strength of a linear relationship is shown by thea.alphab.meanc.mean absolute deviationd.correlation coefficiente.RSFEd (Associative forecasting methods Regression and correlation analysis, moderate)74. If two variables were perfectly correlated, the correlation coefficient r would equala.0b.less than 1c.exactly 1d.-1 or +1e.greater than 1d (Associative forecasting methods Regression and correlation analysis, moderate)75. The last four periodic values of sales were 80, 100, 105, and 90 units. The last four forecasts were 60, 80, 95, and 75 units. These forecasts illustratea.qualitative methodsb.adaptive smoothingc.sloped.biase.trend projectiond (Monitoring and controlling forecasts, easy)76. The principaling signal is thea.standard error of the estimateb.running sum of forecast errors (RSFE)c.mean absolute deviation (MAD)d.ratio RSFE/MADe.mean absolute percentage error (MAPE)d (Monitoring and controlling forecasts, moderate)77. Computer monitoring of tracking signals and self-adjustment if a signal passes a preset limit is characteristic ofa.exponential smoothing including trendb.adaptive smoothingc.trend projectiond.focus forecastinge.multiple regression analysisb (Monitoring and controlling forecasts, moderate)78. Many services maintain records of sales notinga.the solar daytime of the calendar weekb.unusual eventsc.weatherd.holidayse.all of the abovee (Forecasting in the service sector, moderate)79. Taco Bells unique employee scheduling practices are partly the r esult of usinga.point-of-sale computers to track food sales in 15 minute intervalsb.focus forecastingc.a six-week moving average forecasting techniqued.multiple regressione.a and c are both placee (Forecasting in the service sector, moderate)96. A skeptical manager asks what short-range forecasts can be used for. Give her three possible uses/purposes. Any three of planning purchasing, job scheduling, work force levels, job assignments, production levels. (What is forecasting? moderate)97. A skeptical manager asks what long-range forecasts can be used for. Give her three possible uses/purposes. Any three of planning new products, capital expenditures, facility location or expansion, research and development. (What is forecasting? moderate)98. Describe the three forecasting time horizons and their use. Forecasting time horizons are short rangegenerally less than three months, used for purchasing, job scheduling, work force levels, production levels medium rangeusually from three mont hs up to three years, used for sales planning, production planning and budgeting, cash budgeting, analyzing operating plans long rangeusually three years or more, used for new product development, capital expenditures, facility planning, and R&D. (What is forecasting? moderate)99. List and briefly describe the three major types of forecasts. The three types are economic, technological, and demand economic refers to macroeconomic, growth and financial variables technological refers to forecasting amount of technological advance, or futurism demand refers toproduct demand. (Types of forecasts, moderate)100. List the seven steps involved in forecasting.1. Determine the use of the forecast.2. Select the items that are to be forecast.3. Determine the time horizon of the forecast.4. Select the forecasting model(s).5. Gather the data needed to make the forecast.6. Make the forecast.7. Validate the forecasting mode and implement the results.(Seven steps in the forecasting process, moderate) 101. What are the realities of forecasting that companies face? First, forecasts are seldom perfect. Second, most forecasting techniques assume that there is some underlying stability in the system. Finally, both product family and aggregated forecasts are more accurate than individual product forecasts. (Seven steps in the forecasting system, moderate)102. What are the differences between quantitative and qualitative forecasting methods? Quantitative methods use mathematical models to analyze historical data. Qualitative methods represent such factors as the decision makers intuition, emotions, personal experiences, and value systems in determining the forecast. (Forecasting approaches, moderate)103. List four quantitative forecasting methods.The list includes naive, moving averages, exponential smoothing, trend projection, and linear regression. (Forecasting approaches, moderate)104. What is a time-series forecasting model?A time series forecasting model is any mathematical model that uses historical values of the standard of interest to predict future values of that quantity. (Forecasting approaches, easy)105. What is the difference between an associative model and a time-series model? A time series model uses only historical values of the quantity ofinterest to predict future values of that quantity. The associative model, on the other hand, attempts to identify underlying causes or factors that control the variation of the quantity of interest, predict future values of these factors, and use these predictions in a model to predict future values of the specific quantity of interest. (Forecasting approaches, moderate)106. Name and discuss three qualitative forecasting methods. Qualitative forecasting methods include jury of executive opinion, where high-level managers arrive at a group estimate of demand sales force composite, where salespersons estimates are aggregated Delphi method, where respondents provide inputs to a group of decision makers the grou p of decision makers, often experts, then make the actual forecast consumer market survey, where consumers are queried about their future purchase plans. (Forecasting approaches, moderate)107. List the four components of a time series. Which one of these is rarely forecast? wherefore is this so? Trend, seasonality, cycles, and random variation. Since random variations follow no discernible pattern, they cannot be predicted, and thus are not forecast. (Time-series forecasting, moderate)108. Compare seasonal effects and cyclical effects.A cycle is longer (typically several years) than a season (typically days, weeks, months, or quarters). A cycle has variable duration, while a season has fixed duration and regular repetition. (Time-series forecasting, moderate)109. Distinguish between a moving average model and an exponential smoothing model. Exponential smoothing is a weighted moving average model wherein previous values are weighted in a specific mannerin particular, all previous v alues are weighted with a set of weights that deny exponentially. (Time-series forecasting, moderate)110. Describe three popular measures of forecast accuracy.Measures of forecast accuracy include (a) MAD (mean absolute deviation). This is a sum of the absolute values of individual errors divided by thenumber of periods of data. (b) MSE (mean squared error). This is the average of the squared differences between the forecast and observed values. (c) MAPE (mean absolute percent error) is independent of the magnitude of the variable being forecast. (Forecasting approaches bar forecast error, moderate)111. Give an exampleother than a restaurant or other food-service firmof an organization that experiences an hourly seasonal pattern. (That is, each hour of the day has a pattern that tends to repeat day after day.) Explain. Answer will vary. However, two non-food examples would be banks and movie theaters. (Time-series forecasting, moderate) 112. Explain the role of regression models ( time series and otherwise) in forecasting. That is, how is trend projection able to forecast? How is regression used for causal forecasting? For trend projection, the independent variable is time. The trend projection equation has a slope that is the change in demand per period. To forecast the demand for period t, perform the calculation a + bt. For causal forecasting, the independent variables are predictors of the forecast value or dependent variable. The slope of the regression equation is the change in the Y variable per unit change in the X variable. (Time-series forecasting, difficult)113. List three advantages of the moving average forecasting model. List three disadvantages of the moving average forecasting model. Two advantages of the model are that it uses simple calculations, it smoothes out sudden fluctuations, and it is easy for users to understand. The disadvantages are that the averages always stay within past ranges, that they require extensive record keeping of pas t data, and that they do not pick up on trends very well. (Time-series forecasting, moderate)114. What does it mean to decompose a time series?To decompose a time series means to break past data down into components of trends, seasonality, cycles, and random blips, and to project them forward. (Time-series forecasting, easy)115. Distinguish a dependent variable from an independent variable. Theindependent variable causes some behavior in the dependent variable the dependent variable shows the effect of changes in the independent variable. (Associative forecasting methods Regression and correlation, moderate)116. Explain, in your own words, the meaning of the coefficient of determination. The coefficient of determination measures the amount (percent) of total variation in the data that is explained by the model. (Associative forecasting methods Regression and correlation, moderate)117. What is a tracking signal? How is it calculated? Explain the connection between adaptive smoothing and tracking signals. A tracking signal is a measure of how well the forecast actually predicts. Its calculation is the ratio of RSFE to MAD. The larger the absolute tracking signal, the worse the forecast is performing. Adaptive smoothing sets limits to the tracking signal, and makes changes to its forecasting models when the tracking signal goes beyond those limits. (Monitoring and controlling forecasts, moderate)118. What is focus forecasting?It is a forecasting method that tries a variety of computer models, and selects the one that is best for a particular application. (Monitoring and controlling forecasts, easy)124. A management analyst is using exponential smoothing to predict merchandise returns at an upscale branch of a department set up chain. Given an actual number of returns of 154 items in the most recent period completed, a forecast of 172 items for that period, and a smoothing constant of 0.3, what is the forecast for the next period? How would the forecast be change d if the smoothing constant were 0.6? Explain the difference in terms of alpha and responsiveness. 166.6 161.2 The larger the smoothing constant in an exponentially smoothed forecast, the more responsive the forecast. (Time-series forecasting, easy)126. The following trend projection is used to predict quarterly demand Y = 250 2.5t, where t = 1 in the first quarter of 2004. Seasonal (quarterly) relatives are line 1 = 1.5 Quarter 2 = 0.8 Quarter 3 = 1.1 and Quarter 4 = 0.6. What is the seasonally adjusted forecast for the four quarters of 2006?PeriodProjectionAdjusted9 227.5341.2510 225180.0011222.5224.7512220132.00(Time-series forecasting, moderate)127. Jims department at a local department store has tracked the sales of a product over the last ten weeks. Forecast demand using exponential smoothing with an alpha of 0.4, and an initial forecast of 28.0. Calculate MAD and the tracking signal. What do you recommend?130. A small family-owned restaurant uses a seven-day moving average model to determine manpower requirements. These forecasts need to be seasonalized because each day of the week has its own demand pattern. The seasonal relatives for each day of the week are Monday, 0.445 Tuesday, 0.791 Wednesday, 0.927 thorium, 1.033 Friday, 1.422 Saturday, 1.478 and Sunday 0.903. Average daily demand based on the most recent moving average is 194 patrons. What is the seasonalized forecast for each day of next week? The average value multiplied by each days seasonal index. Monday 194 x .445 = 86 Tuesday 194 x .791 = 153 Wednesday 194 x .927 = 180 Thursday 194 x 1.033 = 200 Friday 194 x 1.422 = 276 Saturday 194 x 1.478 = 287 and Sunday 194 x .903 = 175. (Associative forecasting methods Regression and correlation, moderate)131. A restaurant has tracked the number of meals served at lunch over the last four weeks. The data shows little in terms of trends, but does display substantial variation by day of the week. Use the following information to determine the seasonal (daily) index for this restaurant.132. A firm has modeled its experience with industrial accidents and found that the number of accidents per year (Y) is related to the number of employees (X) by the regression equation Y = 3.3 + 0.049*X. R-Square is 0.68. The regression is based on 20 annual observations. The firm intends to employ 480 workers next year. How many accidents do you project? How much boldness do you have in that forecast? Y = 3.3 + 0.049 * 480 = 3.3 + 23.52 = 26.52 accidents. This is not a time series, so next year = year 21 is of no relevance. presumption comes from the coefficient of determination the model explains 68% of the variation in number of accidents, which seems respectable. (Associative forecasting methods Regression and correlation, moderate)133. Demand for a certain product is forecast to be 8,000 units per month, averaged over all 12 months of the year. The product follows a seasonal pattern, for which the January monthly index is 1.25. What is the seasonally-adjusted sales forecast for January? 8,000 x 1.25 = 10,000 (Time-series forecasting, easy)134. A seasonal index for a monthly series is about to be calculated on the basis of three years accumulation of data. The three previous July values were 110, 135, and 130. The average over all months is 160. The approximate seasonal index for July is(110 + 135 + 130)/3 = 125 125/160 = 0.781 (Time-series forecasting,moderate)135. Marie Bain is the production manager at a company that manufactures hot water supply heaters. Marie needs a demand forecast for the next few years to help decide whether to add new production capacity. The companys sales history (in thousands of units) is shown in the table below. Use exponential smoothing with trend adjustment, to forecast demand for period 6. The initial forecast for period 1 was 11 units the initial estimate of trend was 0. The smoothing constants are = .3 and = .3136. The quarterly sales for specific educational software over the past three years are given in the following table. Compute the four seasonal factors.137. An innovative restaurateur owns and operates a dozen Ultimate Low-Carb restaurants in northern Arkansas. His signature item is a cheese-encrusted flush medallion wrapped in lettuce. Sales (X, in one million million millions of dollars) is related to Profits (Y, in hundreds of thousands of dollars) by the regression equation Y = 8.21 + 0.76 X. What is your forecast of profit for a store with sales of $40 million? $50 million?Students must recognize that sales is the independent variable and boodle is dependent the problem is not a time series. A store with $40 million in sales 40 x 0.76 = 30.4 30.4 + 8.21 = 38.61, or $3,861,000 in profit $50 million in sales is estimated to profit 46.21 or $4,621,000. (Associative forecasting methods Regression and correlation, moderate)138. Arnold Tofu owns and operates a chain of 12 vegetable protein hamburger restaurants in northern Louisiana. Sales figures an d profits for the stores are in the table below. Sales are given in millions of dollars profits are in hundreds of thousands of dollars. Calculate a regression line for the data. What is your forecast of profit for a store with sales of $24 million? $30 million?Students must recognize that sales is the independent variable and profits is dependent. Store number is not a variable, and the problem is not a time series. The regression equation is Y = 5.936 + 1.421 X (Y = profit, X = sales). A store with $24 million in sales is estimated to profit 40.04 or $4,004,000 $30 million in sales should yield 48.566 or $4,856,600 in profit. (Associative forecasting methods Regression and correlation, moderate)139. The department manager using a combination of methods has forecast sales of toasters at a local department store. Calculate the MAD for themanagers forecast. Compare the managers forecast against a naive forecast. Which is better?

Modern Living Has Made People Weak, Unhealthy and Disease Prone Essay

Modern brio means adopting the western culture, smoking, drinking, eating pizzas and burgers, etc . Working at darkness times in a BPO or a Call Centre is now a days modern living. people doing night duties wearyt get proper sleep and hence leading to sleep disorders . the busy life of people has made them jump to a easier way of living i. e. , eating the junk or packed food which is full of preservatives .We can see teens and adults smoking in shops, in parties, on roads. It is be pee-pee of maybe focus or even peer pressure But smoking reduces 13. 9% of the life.. Isnt this unhealthy? But modern living makes us orotund and also mentally sick as scientifically it is proved that brain automatically relaxes So the people working in the companies become mentally sickish and sick. People have hardly no time for proper exercise and proper food intake.Now a days a walk in the garden has come to a run on the treadmill You want to go bicycling you go to the gym and thats the way it g oes exercise is not only for burning fats and carbohydrates but for getting in touch with the fresh morning transport which keeps you active the whole day, All the people are trying to turn their simple life into sophisticated living. But people dont realize that modern living is directly affecting their health.May I ask Do we have enough time to go for a walk in nature to breathe in clean and fresh air? No, certainly not. The results can be seen in hospitals. Obesity is because of the busy life style which make people to prefer junk foods to save time. I do agree with your point that AC helps us in summer but it reduces CFL which causes holes in the ozone layer which allow the UV rays of the sun to enter the earth and cause skin cancer

Community Colleges vs College Universites- Compare Contrast Essay

When graduating high school galore(postnominal) bookmans are concerned with choices they have to make as to which college they would akin to interpret. Some w add togetherethorn have much options than others that have to be considered as far as their lifestyle, current jobs, other responsibilities they may have, psycheality and their academic goals. Choosing a college nominate be quite difficult. You can either decide on a college university or the local community colleges in your area. Community colleges are smaller than universities.Students will find them to have fewer enrollments which mean smaller classroom sizes. They have a better chance of getting hands on learning, asking more than questions and learning course veridical better. Community colleges have strong advising systems and the advisers know their students well. The courses are usually taught by professors unlike some universities whose courses may taught by grad students. Small colleges as these do not offer n ear as many courses or academic programs as universities.Tuition at community colleges are so much more cheaper than universities, you may have tuition as much as $3,500. 00 to 5,500. 00 at community colleges versus $30,000. 00 to $50,000. 00 at universities and that itself is a great stool to consider. Another great thing about attending a local community college in your area is that most people can drive back and forth from their own kin. They do not have to worry about dorm cost or finding apartments to rent when going a itinerary to college universities.College Universities may be for you if youre concerned in having much more degree programs to choose from, if youre a go getter, not afraid to speak up for yourself and take advantage of opportunities. You may also want to attend a university if you are ready to get away and adventure out from your hometown and meet a whole new diversity of thousands of people. If attending a university you can expect a much higher number of students than a community college. Universities have a wide range of major league and class courses. They tend to have better stocked libraries for all of your researching needs.A accord of students choose universities because of the more programs that are offered and they feel when graduating from a university it looks a lot better having a diploma from a university than community college when applying for a job you have majored in. They also like the fact that there are many activities and a large number of sporting events. They also have a chance to break free and are not tied down at home with their parents. Succeeding at a university requires knowing what areas or subjects you are interested in and motivated about pursuing.Class sizes can contain up to hundreds of students and with that many people in one classroom it can be very hard to keep focus, ask questions and get hands on learning like you can at community colleges. Some students cheat the environment and find it exc iting with that many students but on the other hand others feel dispirited and overwhelmed because they may not be able to ask questions and find out the exact information they need to learn. Students who attend universities can be ready to hit the books hard each week and be sure to have a lot of study time.Professors are going to expect a great deal of their students and pile a lot of work on them at one time because they are considered as top-notch schools and they want their students to be well educated and real know the material. It can be very stressful for students who work jobs while in college but they have to make money and support themselves some way or another. Even though universities require a lot of work, students still find time to participate in extracurricular activities such as student organizations or community services. Some even join fraternities and sororities.Universities are likely to have great athletic teams and have a NCAA Divisions with games that are on television. Students love to support their college by wearing school colors on game day and attending all of their games whether they are home or away. Students enjoy the tailgating and companionship time that comes along with the games, too Students will either live on the college campus or just a short distance off campus. Most students who support in dorms have roommates. Some may know their roommates and others may be complete strangers and it can be very uncomfortable for them until they learn who and what kind of person they are.You must expect to sleep in the same room as your roommate, share the bathroom and have no privacy. Its takes a lot marrow of time to get from one place to another on a college university campus because of the number of students. You can expect a rush during lunch hour and a timely wait. There will also be very long lines when trying to register for classes and buying books. Its up to the person where they choose to attend college. Community coll eges and Universities can be very similar but again its a whole new world especially when living on a University Campus.

Tma B322

Question 1 A) Innovation is ab forth finding impertinent or better method of making something, a fruit or a service. Innovations be born due to several reasons . Peter Drucker has outlined seven sources of innovative knocks or opportunities . I am going to identify them below. 1. unheralded happenings, as a sudden event that can be a indication of a distinctive chance for innovating or entrepreneurship. 2. Incongruity, as the divergence amidst what e actuallyone think of a thing and the reality of it , this difference can create an instauration. 3. Innovation born when a new process is needed is a chance to fill the gap and create something new. . Changes happened to the industry structure can be a possibility for an innovative product to pop out 5. Demographics change such as population size, employment level and income ranges. 6. Perception variation along with mood and meaning of general assumptions can form an innovation. 7. New knowledge acquired found on fresh advances in scientific and technological fields can produce new goods to the market. Tetteh,2008 Gary was a risk taker, his innovations were the result of unexpected happenings that combined with his outstanding mind generated new and interesting products.It is said that his first step of being innovative and risky was an shutdown result after reading a newsprint ad about the availability of large quantities of powder soap. He evaluate the news as a owing(p) one since the attendries was just getting out of a war state and large number will find this product pretty attiring. This unexpected happening has made Gary a deal that created a footling wealth of a 30,000$ at that time when he contacted the right people and informed them about his product and made the sale from scratch. Word count 288? B)According to Schumpeter, innovation is the process of introducing new products in addition to techniques to the market. These products need to be new or radically improved. Schumpeter identifi ed five types of possible innovation 1. Producing new kinds of goods or modifying the of attributes of the existing ones. 2. Introducing new way of production which might be based on innovative technical and scientific findings. 3. opening new market 4. employ new resources and raw materials in the inputs. 5. new memorial tablet of production and industry .What Gary has done is finding products and making them more lineive by adding some options or features to them, what he said about his products is that there are normal products with a twist. This twist can be new look or design or new attributes added to them. We can see that Garys type of innovation is product innovation, which consists of changing a feature or a look of an available product. Furthermore, Gary as an adventurer has introduced new products from toys and other amusing stuff to the market.For example the plastic farm of ants , the spud gun and the fly cake which have made great successes and rewards. For instance , he released balloons that were designed as giant animals , this change in the look of the balloons attracted people and made them buy them in huge quantities . Mixing his original ideas with the product that is presented have resulted in new product that is a real money maker. Word count 251? Question 2 A) Gary as shown in the case is a very successful entrepreneur.He combined great traits of successful and honored men in the descent reality. Gary was a normal person who hasnt a spot in business but what he has is the idea and the initiative to take this idea to the last level and making it worthwhile. He has marketing skills, he knew what attract customers and also he knew how to convince people to buy his products that were not ordinary products, but with his skills and creativity he changed the actual product and made it more charitable in the addition of the fun part for ex animal look balloons and plastic ant farm.Gary forever looked for high accomplishments and wanted to achieve his dream to be a millionaire from the beginning and he reached his goal. Davison,2008 Being an ambitious person who is to a great extent motivated towards success, knew how stay counsellinged and identify the opportunity when he sees it as he did when reading the soap powder availability in the market and took risk to make his first great sale, that showed how clever he was by perceiving this opportunity and evaluating it to decide that it will be a great offer for people after the war.Having the mental ability to think in an intelligent and germinal way for doing all kinds of business while keeping his eyes on the objective and not losing the energy however remaining persistent to take risks and new challenges by introducing high number of innovative products to the market without fear of failure are the reason tin can the enormous success of this inspirational entrepreneur. Word count 276 ? B) An entrepreneur is a person who has the potential to do something assorted. Being an entrepreneur is about having the right skills and the right idea along with the right experience and in the end being able to generate a totally unique innovation Gary as an entrepreneur is a risk taking individual who enjoys taking the chances and entree uncertain situations to do business. Many characteristics that he owned helped him be the entrepreneur he is now. The many experiences he has from his childhood, in hi father grocerys store and the experience he gained in the army and combining them all together taught him that being risky can be quite fun and very profitable.Furthermore, having an idea and staying focuse on the goal of making that idea an innovative creation next to realizing good opportunities and chances for a fresh venture were strengths for Gary and reason behind his success. Having the potential is about generating ventures and succeeding from scratch, the entrepreneur is innovative and inventive and knows how to develop his ideas and turn it into a success and money. Gary is self confident and multi-skilled, he didnt focus on one field for business, and his interest was in marketing.He still remained confident when he faced of difficulties and failures and discouraging circumstances. Gary gathered in his personality the potential to be a successful entrepreneur. The risky trait, the experience, the intelligence, the initiative, the creativity, the know-how, the complete commitment and dedication to achieve his objectives. Word count 252 ? Question 3 Innovation is spreading vey fast in the economic world.Innovation permits nations and countries to grow rapidly better than cultures that arent adopting innovation. Acquiring ideas of technological and innovation is actuality important for achieving organizations competitive advantage. Everett roger has discussed the importance of customers adopting and using innovation, since customers are the most vital part of the business process. That is what the purchasing pathway network th at includes several stages of introducing the products until the consumer purchase them .The purchasing network perspective got great interest from diametrical business people, among managers, consultants, and decision makers are aiming to promote the innovative capability for organizations. Firstly innovators asses what is needed and wanted under the competitive pressure and the need to produce different products. After that it comes releasing the product, making the ads for it to attract new customers and position the image of the product in the mind of customers to make them move and buy the product. Mankin, E 2007 stack are divided into several levels of innovation adoption , some of them are innovators who like to purchase the product first, and then comes the later adopters who wait for another people to try the product before them because they fear it will not satisfy them for example purchasing an iphone The purchasing pathway network is greatly advised for organization or firms when designing a project since the innovator need to know that peoples perception of the innovative product differ where there is a crucial need to identify different users adoption behavior.Word count 255 Question 4 The sextet markets model illustrates the view of where the marketing of goods can be applied. The six domains appearing above are the ones that organizations direct their marketing strategies by. Those markets are the referral market where the organization has good communication links with some experts and professionals in business world who can recommend others regarding purchasing products and other decisions. The supplier markets, recruitments markets, influence markets and internal markets or employees.For example The Word of mouth communication can be accept as a valuable method in the marketing mix. Each of these interactions must be managed with a strategic plan. Garys marketing activities were shown firstly when he marketed the powder soap from the supp lier market and offered them for people he already met (referral market) and he succeeding in making the deal . Then he used the mail-order business and published an ad in the newspaper, and customers saw the ad and were attracted by it (customer market). He introduced also new products in national trade fairs also considered as customers market.He has set up a hoarding next to his house that declared the image and the marketing intelligence he had. Big companies and executives were attired by the billboard and became known among businessmen. Moreover, Gary has published two books that showed his knowing in promoting his experiences and stories to his students( internal markets). SO we can see that Gary has used the whole framework of the six markets in his business life. That helped him becoming successful and a winner in the entrepreneurship and marketing world.Word count 263 ? References Davison, ED 2008, Social Entrepreneurship, Social Entrepreneurship Research Starters Busine ss, p. 1, Research Starters Business, EBSCOhost, viewed 7 May 2012. Mankin, E 2007, Measuring Innovation Performance, Research Technology Management, 50, 6, pp. 5-7, Research Starters Business, EBSCOhost, viewed 7 May 2012. Tetteh, VA 2008, Entrepreneurship & Business Planning, Entrepreneurship & Business Planning Research Starters Business, p. 1, Research Starters Business, EBSCOhost, viewed 7 May 2012.

Abraham Lincoln: a True Leader Essay

Abraham capital of Nebraska is known to be one of the Unites States chief presidents. capital of Nebraskas leadership paved huge accomplishments for America. Perhaps, Abraham capital of Nebraskas greatest accomplishment was going from a non-educated boy, to the president of the United States. Lincoln did not except achieve the name of Presidency, but he was adequate to(p) to shape America to the way it sits today. President Lincoln deserves to be shown in every history text across America.President Lincoln shines mostly because of his advanced leadership. Lincolns leadership stands as a model to future politicians. His speeches were so strong and serious-minded some of the best known quotes to this day. Often politicians try to emulate his thinking by using Lincoln quotes in their speeches. Lincoln was always under so much pressure, from the bickering of the cabinet to the assassination threats from the people who disagreed with his thoughts. With all this opposition talking in Lincolns ear, he stuck with his gut and did not pinch the war and his goals were achieved (R.J Norton).See more Ethnic groups and racism essayAbraham Lincoln made sure to think about America and what he had to do to restrain the country moving smoothly and safely. Lincoln was able to take his leadership to a whole new level, when he got the whole nation involved. Lincoln include in his famous Gettysburg Address that the war is a test of our nations strength and we must finish the battle for all of those who lost their lives protecting the country (R.J Norton). Lincolns strategies to bring the nation together helped nationalism break through and he was able to achieve the goals he wanted to achieve.It is voiceless to believe that Lincoln went from an un-educated boy to the sixteenth President of America. Abraham Lincoln demonstrates that even starting from the bottom, people can grow and become more as long as hard work is put in. Lincoln grew older and started to educate himself on law books and eventually became a lawyer (R.J Norton). Lincoln is an inspiration for kids to have drive and bring home the bacon at goals. Lincoln grew even stronger he served as a great attorney and advanced to four years in Illinois State House of Representatives. later that, Lincoln joined congress for a year and eventually blew the nations mind as President of the Unites States of America (R.J Newton).As President, Lincoln was able to accomplish great things for our nation. Although, he was assassinated a short time before the thirteenth amendment was official, freeing the slaves Lincoln was able to shape the nation up to the point where it was able to accomplish the goal and end slavery in the United States. Lincoln was also able to help out America with his foreign policy loss all other nations out of the Civil War going on in the Unites States. This helped other nations from intervening and causing even more problems for the nation. The most grievous accomplishment was Lincolns decision to fight in order to save the Union.Lincoln is believed to be the President who contributed the most to America and to the future of America. Although, he was assassinated before he could accomplish all the goals he had in mind, Lincoln still got the ball rolling and ready for changes to be made. From an un-educated boy, to a president, to a role model for the world, President Lincoln deserves to be known all over for the years and years to come.

Internal and external forces that impact organizational behavior Essay

Most plaques have a focus on where they are going to be in a wedded time, this is a great deal known as strategic planning. The organizations mission covers various areas of pertain including the service expected as well as the nutriment of the organization to attract potential customers. It is known to most companies where they are going often all employees screw view and read the philosophy of the mission statement, it is too placed in an area intimately accessible for that purpose. A mission statement besides leads to the vision of the corporation, more on a long-term hindquarters thus, providing a pathway by doing marketing research in the market of interest. To keep ahead of the competition the mission must be implemented as well as attacking new methods of operation.The vision must be able to measure with the value of the organizational operation in specific areas of interest such as customer service and employee relations. As mentioned earlier these areas can be mea sured via surveys, this will allow areas, which need improvement to be easily corrected. at that place is an area of interest and it is the value of the organizations mission. Without the vision and value, the organization lacks foundation. The value counts for how much this organization is to each individual, whether customers or employees. The level of bearing and interest as well as, input and output to get the correct value for the improvement of the organization.Organizational look is described as the study of conclave or individual dynamics within an organizational surround (Wikipedia, 2004). A companys work environs is created and produced by the groups or the individual peck who work within it. Employees often find themselves conforming to their ever changing environment.The economics of the world has a significant influence on both the innovational business and the organizational behavior of that business. For any company to be successful, it is crucial to understand the elements that can affect the economy that supports its business. The economy can be unnatural by many different kinds of issues or measurements, like the interest rate, inflation rate, and employment rates. The businesses of the cardinal first century face the trials of functioning in a global or multinational market. Each business will labor intensely to locate the markets in the world that offer the outflankservices for the least(prenominal) costly prices. These same companies know that worldwide events will affect all businesses.On the other side of the economy, there are the companies that offer services and products, which try to achieve the premium positions in the market. They are willing to transform and change their organization to meet the take exceptions of the changing marketplace. The organizational changes are often initiated from the top and trickled round off through the ranks.The changes can range from the way selections are fulfilled to decisions made. Jobs are often redefined. People employed for these restructuring businesses can find this to be painful, but demand for their company to succeed (Randolph & Sashkin,2002). Companies that are negatively affected by the economy could show signs of opportunity constraints. This could cause the organizational behavior to change and become slight concerned with profits and more focused on surviving or moving on to a more secure location.Listed below are few of the businesses that have changed from the past goods mentality to the modern times of offered services. They have fundamentally revised their businesses from companies that had a foundation in trading merchandise to businesses that now go forth services. These services are offered by companies like AOL, Cross Country Group, AT&T, Cox Services, Clarion Hotels, and many more (Lusch et al., 2004). However, these changes in business now draw competition to the table. This can forcefully affect the economy in any country. Many cou ntries offer cheaper labor and tax breaks by offering outsourcing services. Some on the companies mentioned before have already taken advantage of the cost-effective changes, by moving part of their business overseas (Chip shots).In the resound center environment today, there is an abundance of competition. The competition lies within the call center itself in addition, there is rivalry with other call centers. For instance, Tucson happens to have approximately between twenty to twenty-five call centers in the area alone. The call centers compete with each other for the associates, by offering better pay, more flexible schedules, and superior benefits to try to convince people into working for them. People tend to jump from one callcenter to another, which whitethorn be offering something that the other one is not. They to a fault compete with each other technologically, trying to be up to date with the latest and greatest computer programs, having the best quality and customer se rvice. Call centers also compete for industry awards.Within the call center there can be major competition between departments and employees. Employees compete for, job advancement, call intervention time, and quality. Call centers are infamous for offering incentives. Centers are always trying to improve on their statistics and be the best, and the way they do this is by offering the employee incentives to cause them to perform at the highest possible level. Incentives might range from money bonuses, televisions, DVD players, vacations, and they have actually given away cars.Not only do call centers have incentives monetarily they also like to recognize good performers by giving them awards, thus a big factor of competition ensues. Associates like to see who can get the most awards, best quality certificates or who can get the most pictures on the board. Departments whitethorn compete to see who will have the best attendance for the month, or the best attrition rate. Upper manage ment might even challenge the Human Resources department to a friendly game of volleyball, sightly to keep things lively and motivate even the toughest of management.Customer demands can directly affect organizational behavior in a business. These demands can be stressful and challenging and may create a series of issues that may well lead to harmful affects or end results that could negatively and directly affect an organization. familiar and outside forces of customer demands can affect behavior in an organization in several ways. External forces, such as stress in an employees personal or home life may cause a series of effects on their quality of work. A demanding or unremitting workload accompanied by inadequate staffing to support a hefty seasonal increase in business, in addition to a persons crazy personal state of mind, can cause the outside and internal affects to collide with one another creating a precarious wind of disarray in the workplace. These combine forces h ave a real impact and can negatively affect and weigh heavily on an employeeultimately affecting the organization.Consumer demands are usually retributive that- demands. The business of consumer assistance may not always result in supplying what the customer thinks they deserve. Sometimes these demands may be justified yet, more often than not, these requests are simply unrealistic. Ultimately the end result may be advising a consumer that they have exhausted all requests and will not be receiving what they necessitate or what they think they are entitled to. Worse yet, if they indeed will be receiving what they want, they may not be receiving as expeditiously as they may be insisting upon.These demands and effects on the members of staff can lead to, or include a loss of sleep consequently, leading to lack of general productivity, loss of an ability to remain focused on work or the task at hand hence, leading to mistakes or inadvertent poor judgment. Additionally, the external s tressors may cause one to react indifferently or antagonistically toward their co-workers or customers as a result, generating a negative work atmosphere and ineluctably leading to providing poor customer service, or an overall deficient quality of work.Some Internal forces that might have an influence on organizational behavior could include an overbearing boss or superior, or a person placed in charge of a group of employees that may not unavoidably be an adequate leader. A manager or superior that is inconsistent with the enforcement of policy or discip delimitate amongst employees can be very bad for morale. Workers may notice these types of inconsistencies in an insufficient manager and they may take offense to the preferential treatment given to a select few.When workers are filled to contentedness with a constant flow of consumer demands, insufficient staffing, and heavy workload, the result may be inevitable a less than positive or productive environment producing an ove rabundance of negative organizational behaviors.Change is the only dependable constant. Methods to produce success are created on a daily basis. In order to go on success within anyorganization it is necessary to research new practices that will accommodate these changes. When the time comes to reorganize a company it is important to cook sure the new strategies match the values of the company. It is important that every person at each level of employment understand how their role affects the company. The benefits of reconstructing an organization may not be initially evident however, the long-term benefits will be realized through the companys success.The strategies for obtaining success within any organization have changed throughout time. In a call center environment, reconstruction is very frequent. All shareholders of the organization are taken into consideration when these decisions are made. The representatives language to the thickenings are the most valuable assets to t he company. It is necessary for the company to offer a competitive benefits package that attracts prospective employees as well as, provides incentive to retain talent.There are many call centers that need positions to be filled. Matching pay, benefits, and other employee needs with competitive employers is a large task. Once an employee is hired, it then becomes a challenge to maintain that employees interest. It is very common for a person to obtain employment in a call center, acquire experience, just to move on to another center.Every position in the company plays an important role in contributing to the companys success. Surveys are often used to check off the needs of the representatives in order to enhance the companys performance. The results will assist the upper management with making decisions on how they can make their employees happier, charm increasing or maintaining productivity.It is very common for a call center to work in a team environment. These teams usually c onsist of the front line representatives, team leaders, and supervisors. The front line representatives are the first contact the consumer will encounter. The team leaders are those who exhibit exceptional skills in handling those clients concerns. The supervisor is responsible for ensuring that the people in those positions continue productivity whilesupporting the companys goals.They are many internal and external forces that impact organizational behavior. Reconstructing, organizational mission, economy, competition, and customer demands are examples of the many effects that can move, create, and drive organizational behavior.

Wal-Mart Performance

Globalization has had a positive impact on planning in Wal-mart nerve. This is because Wal-mart stakeholders ar able to estimate the profit it stand make by allowing its cheaply manufactured and inexpensive goods and services to cross the borders and reach separate countries of the world. (James, 1999) defines industry attractiveness as the prevailing situation in the core business of an organization which kick upstairss the specific organization for example in monotheistic business environment, a business is more apt(predicate) to be favor in foothold of business performance since it feces manipulate market forces to its advantage.Even in a market environment, less than 4 competitors atomic number 18 likely to influence the market situation to their advantage hence creating an attractive market environment. Wal-Marts performance has been termed as sterling by m any business analysts. The image has recorded a profit after taxes of above $200 billion. By applying concepts li ke vendor managed inventories as closely as just-in-time concept, Wal-Mart has continued to maintain leaders in the retail market in the US.Wal-Mart endeavors to outride a low- price retailer, and by that it has been actually effective in maintaining market attractiveness. By all pith Wal-Mart has achieved low cost retail prices mostly because it manages to source goods at the best possible market prices. This is possible through the dodging of replenishing stock daily in which it allows its key suppliers to access data on sales, which in turn ensures that stocks are supplied just in time.Wal-Mart has successfully cut expenses in that it is able to save be which would early(a)wise have gone to hiring warehouses, paying for the storage and security of the goods in warehouses, the costs which goes with insurance as well as the risk of destruction resulting from fire, and other natural calamities as well as expiry of perishable goods. By paying the suppliers based on what is sol d the companionship ensures a zero cost in inventories, this in turns affords the union an opportunity to lower prices since in that respect are less expenditures.In long term, this contri exclusivelyes to industry attractiveness. The other area in which the company has achieved private-enterprise(a) advantage is in ground of adapting information systems. By doing that, Wal-Mart, has become a low cost producer in that it achieves effectiveness and therefore minimizing losses. The organization has set out to be a market leader. In terms of incorporating information technology, Wal-Mart has computerized its purchasing systems to incorporate E-purchasing. As a purchasing strategy, e-purchasing is economically genuine and cost effective.Compared to a competitor who does have not adopted the e-purchasing concept, Wal-mart has been able to save a lot of money and time. According to (Kendel, 2004), competitive advantage in like manner depends on how companies utilize and take advant age of the buyer power. To this end, Wal-Mart has outshone all its competitors in that, it is refuted to be one of the organizations in the US, which has been able to get suppliers to act according to its terms. In fact some have argued that, it manipulates and coerces suppliers to enter into concessions, which end up benefiting the retailer but harming the suppliers.In terms of the threat of substitutes, it is widely believed that, Wal-Mart no longer competes with any one, it has taken virtual control and is a major player of the US economy leave alone the retail business. In terms of supplier power, the suppliers are no longer able to contain the pressure from Wal-Mart there have been reports of CEOs agreeing to terms, which end up harming their businesses. Wal-Mart as earlier mentioned often coerces its suppliers into deals, this is not the case with its competitors which do not necessarily have the power to match it.Finally Wal-Mart unlike so many of its rivals have been able to penetrate with eternal rest and so far commands a good share of the retail business in the US. However, it is Wal-Marts expansive sales returns that continue to put it ahead of competitors in that, they can powerfully bargain with suppliers for best offers, which on their part the competitors cannot match. By integrating IT through out the whole retail chain Wal-mart ensures that, its partners are lighten and feel respected and therefore trade is through in an environment of cordial relationships.With a retail network of over 140 branches all over the world, the management styles as well Wal-Marts purchasing, distribution and warehousing, in-store operations, marketing, Information Technology, Human Resource Management, and organization and management systems/style have to be well-kept at a high notch. Otherwise, it would be impossible for the outlets to achieve unity of purpose. With such a huge work force, success can only be achieved only if there is proper homo resource man agement.The organization has introduced performance based pay, which has gone down very well with the employees. A well motivated staff is the superior asset for a company and therefore Wal-Mart has been able to achieve that through introducing modern employee management systems which aims at ensuring that, the best staff are retained and excessively that, staff get well compensated for their hard-work. This has given Wal-Mart a cutting edge advantage, in that, it is able to attract and keep the best workers.In terms of supplies, Wal-Mart has been able to cut lead time after streamlining its supply chain management. By doing that, Wal-Mart have come to be regarded as the industries leaders in terms of efficiency and cost cutting. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc is the worlds largest retailer with over $200 billion worthy of annual sales. The organization has adopted various strategies to become and remain a market leader in the industry. Of all strategies, it is its low cost of products that has made the biggest contribution to its market attractiveness as well as its competitive advantage.Human resource management. According to available statistics, the company has over 1. 3 million employees also k todayn as associates, it is spends a lot on employee tuition something which gives it a competitive edge as one of the most preferred employers. Wal-Mart has been ranked by the Fortune magazine as one of the most prize places in the world. This translates to attractiveness to both business partners and customers. Also as a strategy in supplies management the organization has avoided reliance on single suppliers but has instead engaged different suppliers.This helps in ensuring that, the suppliers do not dictate the terms since they are aware that they can be substituted. This is effective in that, it becomes very hard for suppliers to collaborate and decide the terms for the organization. Wal-Mart also ensures proper communication through the setting up of a satellite ne twork, which interlinks all its branches to a primeval command. This has seen the company investing heavily in information technology, which in return has ensured that the company achieves economies of scale. Competitive advantage.Kmart is one of the key competitors which has found the going getting hardened and has almost been left struggling to remain in business. The fact that, Wal-Mart controls over 70% of the retail business clearly shows that, the competition is not as stiff. Therefore, Wal-Mart is self-collected to remain a force even into the foreseeable future. The threats which it should deal with and undertake to solve include negative publicity in that, the fact that it drives many other businesses out of business can lead to harmful price wars which could lead to the company loosing its current market share.Management Systems Several, problems and challenges such as shoplifting caused the company to invest in costly surveillance systems aimed at addressing the arisin g issues. Managers at Wal-Mart are motivated in that, the organization always rewards creativity and effort as well as originality. This has been a plus for the company as productivity is always related with highly motivated staff as well as employees who can identify well with the organization. Its people-friendly approach has led to such a good relationships with customers that, a very loyal client base has been achieved.By adopting new technology, production, constitution and leadership in the company are one of the best in the world. The styles from other successful organizations of the world so that it can experience great success. Wal-Mart has now heavily invested in technology like computerized tracking systems, which enables them to track supply and monitor progress. Wal-Mart has experienced rapid growth partly due to a human resource policy, which handles. Globalization has enabled the organnization to spread the organization from rural small towns to urban areas.Also Wal -Mart enjoys a very loyal consumer base. Globalization has also enabled the leadership of Wal-Mart to expand the organization to so many areas externally, where they attract a lot of customers therefore making lots of profit. This has been achieved by lowering the prices of the goods, as a result of world-wide nature of manufacturing. In terms of sustainability, Wal-Marts strategy is market tested and it is very likely that, customers will always go for cheaper quality and therefore the strategy of low-cost will lead the organization from success to success.The fact that, Wal-Mart does not spend on inventories but uses a system where by delivery of goods is done by the suppliers saves the company a lot of money. This affects prices f commodities in that, so many suppliers want to engage the organization in business and therefore are willing to operate under terms that the organization dictates. Wal-Mart although has been favored by globalization needs to be wary of emerging issues such as the ones piteous on ethics.Other threats for Wal-Mart include Ethically, it has been accused of oppressing suppliers to an extent whereby, they are forced to lay-off employees hence causing joblessness as well as leading to closure of manufacturing plants on the US in favor of imports which are cheaper and therefore can be distributed to the retailer at much cheaper rates. Bargaining power is another crucial saturation for the company, it virtually controls all the decisions or contracts entered with other companies that is, suppliers. Wal-Mart engages in a continuous improvement campaign in what consumers view as being on the bring every time.To consumers and customers, this is viewed as an advantage since they know that every time the retailer makes a move, prices drop and therefore the company is seen as a better plectrum by many. Efficiency is one factor that Wal-Mart has achieved by investing in modern systems. The company has been able to transact business worldwid e with ease turn at the same time minimizing cost. The fact that Wal-Mart has created a positive image for itself has ensured a constant demand for services and goods something which competitors have not been able to match. Wal-Mart has maintained a public image and therefore this helps.

How might it influence an approach to international politics? Essay

In British usage the definition becomes derogatory precisely at the time that the idea of the modern nation-state is becoming ever more dominant. If we turn to the Ameri abide voice of Emerson, though, a clear difference in t unriv wholeed emerges. We may see Emerson seek to determine the dualism between the local anaesthetic and the everyday without recourse to the particular structures of state government. Emersons Kantianism is obvious in Politics, where he claims that a abstract of the codes of nations would be a transcription of the common conscience. In Emersons description of the saucy man we can in like manner hear the particular bulk of nineteenth-century American semipolitical thought become conjugal to this world(a)ism, as he calls for men who are at home in each latitude and longitude, men of universal politics, who are involved in things in proportion to their truth and extent. (Stephen E. Wicher, 1957), 309 This is certainly an enlarged view of the world, one in which the particular vigor and adventurousness of Americans will lead towards a lately refreshed cosmopolitanism.Cosmopolitanism in this framework seems to grow directly out of the power of individual men, almost bypassing the residential district completely, and in this panache the tension between local and universal appears to be determined. Yet obviously Emersons thought also rests resolutely on its particular understanding of the American individuality and its relationship to the world. One might verbalise then that his universalism is beached in the United States, a good deal as Montesquieu was grounded in France.Until it is practically eclipsed by nationalist feeling in the last years of the nineteenth century, this fundamentally paradoxical cosmopolitan receptivity lurks within much American social discourse, emerging not simply in the appeal to universal humanism which surrounds the new discourses of social improvement in the 1890s, but also in the popular press discus sions concerning American achievements in science, technology, and world exploration. Though, cosmopolitanism comprises politically oblige reasons.If cosmopolitanism cannot bring an explicitly and directly political program, it is at least a step toward this kind of internationalist political education. Cosmopolitanism is a condition that concerns to only a fraction of universe who can give it. A common stereotype of cosmopolitans illustrates privileged, politically uncommitted elites made up of loaded corporate managers and (a few ) academics and intellectuals who retain their condition on the basis of autonomous wealth and a globetrotting lifestyle.In this classification, cosmopolitanism is a matter of consumption, an obtained taste for music, food, fashion, art, and text from all parts of the world. countenance, cosmopolitanism refers to a principles or philosophy. modern political philosophers lean to divide themselves into communitarians, who believe that moral principles and obligations are or must be grounded in ad hoc groups and contexts, and cosmopolitans. The final urge us to see ourselves as citizens of the world, forming a worldwide moral community of humanity unswerving to universal ideals of human rights.An alternative of this extensive argument is whether cosmopolitanism can be dominated with nationalism and patriotism. Third, the idea is used to refer to a political project, a new order of multinational political structures exercising what is at times described as cosmopolitan democracy. The idea implies a layer of global governance which limits the dominion of states and yet is not itself a world state. Cosmopolitan institutions would co-exist with states and would replace their authority in particular spheres of activity.The institutions most considered for their potential to assist in the comprehension of such a cosmopolitan project are the United Nations and the European Union. the majority of the work on this topic frame somewha t abstract. A remarkable exception is the work of Martha Nussbaum, who has detailed a detailed vision of cosmopolitan education. In the study of international relations, David Held is the leading scholar and supporter of cosmopolitan democracy. For Held, cosmopolitanism . . .seems to explicate, and offer a compelling elucidation of, the classical conception of belonging to the human community first and foremost, and the Kantian conception of subjecting all beliefs, relations and practices to the test of whether or not they allow open-ended interaction, uncoerced agreement and impartial psyche (Held 2002 64). Beck argues that the initiative of Americanization suggests a national understanding of globalization that is defectively adapted to the transnational world of the Second Modern Age.Rather, he proposes rooted cosmopolitanism, a cosmopolitanism that draws uniformly on the local. This serves to disperse the binary thinking that however tends to distinguish discussions on post-c olonialism. The otherness of others is renowned, and at the same time the sociological mind can be freed from its methodological nationalism and can grip a cosmopolitan perspective, with all the consequences this entails for the field.